Child Labour: Not Gone, but ForgottenMillions of Children Trapped between Extreme Poverty and the Profits of Others

Written By Lou Gutheil

30 minute read • July 9, 2019

In a report written by Lee Tucker, a consultant to Human Rights Watch, about the problem of bonded labour in Asia, a young girl shared,

Global Overview of Child Labour

These girls’ story is heart-breaking.

It is unthinkable that a child would be subject to such mistreatment.

It is deplorable that stories like this are all too common among the most poverty-stricken portions of the world.

It is beyond despicable that an estimated 218 million children as young as 5 years old are employed, and that at least 152 million are in forced child labour, according to basic facts about child labour published by the Child labour Coalition.²

The facts also reveal several other startling realities about child labour. Among them:

• Children under the age of 12 perform up to a fourth of all hazardous child labour.
• Almost half of all forced child labourers are between the ages of 5 and 11.
• More than 134 million children in forced labour are in Africa and the region of Asia and the Pacific.

If the 218 million child labourers constituted a country of their own, it would be the fifth largest country in the world, exceeded in population only by China, India, the United States and Indonesia.³

The International Labour Organization (ILO) maintains a limited list of National Child labour Survey Reports, Baseline Survey Reports, Rapid Assessment Reports and Micro-Data Sets for a variety of countries taken over the past 20 years—some as recent as 2018.⁵ Although some participation in child labour can be quantified—such as in Nigeria where more than 15 million children are estimated to be child labourers—one of the overriding problems with looking at the issue from a global or even a national level is that it is generally agreed “that census data is likely to underestimate the scale of child labour.”⁶

If the 218 million child labourers constituted a country of their own, it would be the fifth largest country in the world.

In areas where national regulations mandate education for children within certain age ranges, the threat of legal consequences likely deters complete reporting of child labour. Census data typically only includes children living within a family household. Children who are orphaned, or living on the streets may go undetected, even when it is those children who may be in greatest danger of child labour. It is, therefore, expected that the occurrence of child labour is higher than reports reveal.

These young boys, deprived of their childhood and forced into child labour, are working hard on a commercial building structure.
By Doidam 10/Shutterstock.com

What Is Child Labour?

It is important to recognize the prevalence of child labour in order to gain a realistic perspective on how pervasive it is. We need to understand the generally accepted definitions of child labour. Only then can we comprehend the often-irreparable physical and emotional damage inflicted on children, both presently and in their future.

Some child labour is innocuous and, in fact, may generally be regarded as positive. The International Labour Organization recognizes that activities such as doing chores around the home, “assisting in a family business or earning pocket money outside school hours and during school holidays” can “contribute to children’s development and… provide them with skills and experience… that prepare them to be productive members of society during their adult life.”⁷ Therefore, these activities are not officially considered to be child labour.

Child labour is "work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development."

The ILO further defines child labour as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development.”⁸

International law divides child labour into three categories:

Notwithstanding a few reasonable exceptions, the ILO Convention Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment¹⁰ (C138) adopted in 1973 states that:

“Each Member which ratifies this Convention shall specify…a minimum age for admission to employment or work within its territory [that] no one under that age shall be admitted to employment or work in any occupation. …The minimum age specified…shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling and, in any case, shall not be less than 15 years.”

Similarly, ILO Convention 182¹¹ adopted in 2000 defines the worst forms of child labour as:

• “All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale or trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom, or forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict;
• “the use, procuring, or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances;
• “the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular, for the production and trafficking of drugs …;
• “work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.”

Finally, forced labour is defined by ILO Convention 29 adopted in 1930 as “all work or service exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.”¹²

This teenage child soldier endured painful gunshot wounds in battle, after he was pressured to join the militia movement to avoid further torture or arrest. A surge in violent conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo has forced many people (much like the teenager pictured) from their homes. © UNICEF / Vincent Tremeau

Harmful Effects of Child Labour

Childhood is an essential, formative time of life—one which many child labourers must leave too quickly. Their lives may long bear the physical, emotional and physiological consequences of their early adulthood. Many child labourers, regardless of whether they are considered forced or not, lack the chance of acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary to extract themselves from the poverty they were born or thrust into by circumstances. Many enter adulthood with no means of securing a better life and with few options for jobs, which extends the continuum of generational poverty to their own children.¹³

Child labourers are highly susceptible to become involved in dangerous situations that may result in their illness, injury or even death.

If these were the victims of a war, we would be talking a lot about it.

In an article by Voice of America concerning child labour, ILO Director-General, Guy Ryder, said, “Honestly, the annual toll is appalling—2.78 million work-related deaths, 374 million injuries and illnesses. If these were the victims of a war, we would be talking a lot about it. Children and young workers are at greater risk and suffer disproportionately and with longer lasting consequences.”¹⁴

A World Bank report estimated that 10 percent of all work-related injuries child labourers experience are crushing accidents, amputations and fractures.¹⁵

Annual toll of child labour:

World Vision reported the story of Jean, an 8-year-old boy who worked in a mine alongside his mother in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (DRC) where 40 percent of artisanal mine workers are children. He said he had developed a number of physical problems since working in the mines. Children in the mine are susceptible to falling down shafts, being trapped in collapsed tunnels or drowning. Children working in the mine reported having seen other children die at the site. Two-thirds had developed persistent coughs, while 87 percent had been injured or were suffering from body pain. Some girls reported genital infections from working in waist-deep acidic water.¹⁶

Mired in Mining

An article in Fortune magazine told how 15-year-old Lukasa rises at 5 a.m. to begin his 12-hour workday. He leaves his family’s mud-brick home in a tiny village in the southern region of the DRC, and he walks two hours to a government-owned mining site. He spends the next eight hours hacking away at rock in a cobalt mine.

He typically hoists a sack of as much as 22 pounds of cobalt up and out of the pit, then carries it on his back for an hour to a trading depot where he sells it to one of the Chinese trading companies who dominate the market in the area.

On a good day, the teenager can earn as much as $9 USD before making the long walk home.¹⁷

Cobalt is key to the DRC’s economy—it produces an estimated 65 percent of the world’s cobalt supply¹⁸ —but child labour is rampant in its mining industry. The same Fortune story said, “While it is impossible to know how many underage miners there are, Congolese activists working to end child labour say… there are about 10,000 of them.¹⁹ A National Bureau of Economic Research on child labour found that “most child labour occurs in countries with extremely low per capita GDP and that per capita GDP (and its square) explains 80 percent of the worldwide cross-country variation in child labour.”²⁰ The GDP per capita for the DRC was $439 USD in 2017²¹ , in contrast to the GDP per capita for the USA in 2017, which was $59,531 USD.

Photo by Compassion UK

Enslaved in Fishing

“Workers at sea are among the world’s most vulnerable,” according to the U.S. Department of Labour. Various factors, such as working in international waters, produce gaps in applicable laws leaving workers without adequate labour protections in countries like Honduras, Philippines, Bangladesh, Ghana, Haiti, Cambodia, Indonesia and Thailand.²²

James Kofi Annan lives in Ghana. His story is typical of child labourers trapped in the commercial fishing industry.

It took James seven years to escape his slavery.

Surrounded by Tobacco

Investigations by Human Rights Watch found consistent, significant risks to children’s health and safety who are working on tobacco farms in Zimbabwe, the United States and Indonesia.²⁴ The children are exposed to nicotine and toxic pesticides. Every child interviewed described having illnesses with specific symptoms associated with acute nicotine poisoning and pesticide exposure,²⁵ including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, headaches, dizziness, irritation and difficulty breathing.

Ironically, it is still legal in the United States for children as young as 12 to work on tobacco farms, as long as they have parental permission. There are no age limitations for children who work on small, family-owned farms.

A 2018 special series on NPR’s “Here & Now” reported finding children as young as 7 working during the picking season in North Carolina where tobacco farming is regarded as a legacy.²⁶

These children labour in Turkey’s cotton fields in hard conditions. During cotton season, they cannot go to school.
By Yavuz Sariyildiz/Shutterstock.com

Hemmed In by Cotton, Clothing and Chocolate

Cotton is the best-selling fiber in the world, making the cotton market very appealing.

But according to a New Lanark article, “Children & Cotton”,²⁷ child labourers in cotton fields and factories may work for up to 12 hours a day, seven days a week during the harvest period for less than $1.50 USD a day. The article further states, “Without the child workers, the landowners wouldn’t manage to harvest all of their crops.” In some countries, including Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and China, child labour in cotton fields is actually sanctioned by the government.²⁸

The beatings were a part of my life.

Bithi is a 15-year-old girl in Bangladesh. She began working in a garment factory in the capital city of Dhaka when she was 12. Her job was sewing pockets for designer blue jeans that will be sold “in affluent countries.”

Sewing blue jeans may not seem like a burdensome task, but it becomes one when her production quota is 60 pockets per hour, every hour, every day she works. That’s 480 pockets over an eight-hour shift. For this, she earns the equivalent of about $1.00 USD a day.²⁹

The Food Empowerment Project investigated the cocoa industry, where the supply chain for major chocolate manufacturers begins. Their findings read:

Children just like this young girl suffer verbal and physical abuse while working up to 16 hours a day at brick factory.
By StanislavBeloglazov/Shutterstock.com

Burdened in Brick Kilns

A special report³¹ by GFA World shared the results of an investigation into slave labour by the International Justice Mission (IJM). After IJM workers helped 260 people—including children forced into labour—escape from one brick factory, a father shared how he and his family were tricked into working there.

Instead of receiving the good salary they were promised, his trapped family worked 16 hours a day, seven days a week. Their employer denied them hospital visits for injuries sustained while mixing or forming the bricks. Children caught playing during work hours received a torrent of verbal abuse and beatings with a pipe.

The cost of child bonded labour is paid over a lifetime through the loss of health, education, and opportunities.

According to an 86-page report by ILO³² , 56 percent of brick makers in Afghanistan are children.

One of those is 11-year-old Sima. She works 13 hours per day, six days a week. At the time of the report, she had already been working in brick kilns for five years. She has never attended school and is illiterate. Sima’s circumstances are typical of children labouring in brick kilns. Many begin working at the age of 5.

The report also explains the physical implication of “manual handling of heavy weights … long working hours with awkward posture [and] monotonous and repetitive work.” Child labourers in brick kilns have a high risk of developing health problems like as musculo-skeletal issues, poor bone development and early-onset arthritis.

The ILO further observed that “the cost of child bonded labour is paid over a lifetime through the loss of health, education, and opportunities.”

These are only a few of the industries in which child labour continues to exist.

Many children have no choice but to work to survive. This child is taking a moment to eat a stick of bamboo while working in the fields in northern Vietnam.
By Dino Geromella/Shutterstock.com

Why Are These Children Working?

Many children work to survive, but it is a combination of perverse incentives and unjust business practices that creates the demand for child labour.

The Families’ Context

Families caught in generational or situational abject poverty are desperate. Some are suffering from the social inequities of the culture in which they live. Others have been displaced by war or famine and have no source of income at all. Either of these exacerbates the situation.³³

In many cases, the parents are illiterate and have no skills, and whatever jobs they have pay very little. These families are so poor and often in so much debt that they are not likely to recover from either without enlisting their children as breadwinners. They can see no way out of their poverty, so they sacrifice the future (the education and success of their children) on the altar of the immediate (survival now).

Some poor families see artisanal mining and other occupations as their chance to rise above their poverty. In fact, families of children working in the cobalt mines of the DRC have proven to be strongly resistant to efforts to establish or enforce child labour laws, as doing so would eliminate a reliable source of family income.³⁴

That resistance is not uncommon. A single child working in cotton fields can contribute as much as a quarter of the family’s income.³⁵ Why would a family want to give up 25 percent of their income when it is already nearly impossible for them to meet their family’s needs for food, clothing and shelter? Their focus is on staying alive.

Partly to blame for their decision to send their children to work is their lack of understanding of the world outside their limited geographic sphere. They have little or no concept of the profits being made at the end of the supply chains that are linked to their hands and feet.

Remember Lukasa? On a good day, he makes about $9 USD mining about 22 pounds of cobalt. That’s $0.41 USD per pound. The market price of cobalt reached $80,490 USD per metric ton in 2018.³⁶ That is $36.52 USD per pound or 89 times what Lukasa makes. On a good day.

These people live in desperate circumstances. Losing income will only make matters worse.

The Employers’ Context

Employers are responsible for generating a reasonable return on shareholders’ investments. It’s all about profitability. No business can continually operate at a loss. The highly competitive nature of international trade is predicated on getting products to market quickly, efficiently and at the lowest prices possible for consumers. Each level of the supply chain, from the top down, pushes the entire chain to reduce costs. The key for each link is to acquire at the lowest possible cost and to sell at the highest cost the market will bear.

When businesses throughout the chain fail to manage this dynamic, they go out of business. When they succeed, the two links at the far ends of the chain suffer the most. The first-touch labourers are destined to subsistence wages or less, and the consumers expend more for the final product. There are no winners at either end of the chain.

Many employers maximize their gain from production by employing low-cost labour. Children are the least expensive labour; they have little or no bargaining power, and they are easy to manipulate. Because of the desperate status of millions of families in developing countries, unscrupulous employers take advantage of their willingness—or force them—covertly or otherwise to minimize their costs.

One hundred and fifty-two million children are in forced child labour worldwide. Children are the least expensive, have no bargaining power and are easy to manipulate. Because of this, many employers sadly see this as an opportunity and take advantage of children.
By Aleem Zahid Khan/Shutterstock.com

Other Obstacles to Ending Child Labour

Child labour is a well-known evil, and it is receiving global resistance. In Target 8.7 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, member nations are obliged to take “immediate and effective measures to … secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.”³⁷

UNICEF is the UN torchbearer for changing the cultural acceptance of child labour and offering “supporting strategies and programming to provide alternative income to families.” They expect to employ a multi-prong agenda, including legal reform; education; social protection; and access to health services in cooperation with other organizations, including corporate, governmental and NGOs, to accelerate child labour reduction in countries around the world.³⁸

Groups such as these are making headway in combatting child labour, but this global problem is not going down without a fight.

Obstacle 1: Lip Service

Maplecroft’s insights and analysis on Child Labour Index³⁹ exposed the ease with which countries can and do pay lip service to the advancement of child labour eradication and other human rights. They simply sign a commitment that makes them acceptable in the sight of their peers but which they have no intention to keep. For that reason, successful eradication of child labour may be predicated upon the ability to “differentiate between the states taking appropriate action to stop child labour and those that are just paying lip service.”⁴⁰

Obstacle 2: Intransigence

Intransigence is being discovered within all levels of both government and industry.

Pakistan has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and enacted laws to deal with eliminating child labour. However, an investigation launched by Dawn News discovered that the departments responsible for implementing those laws showed little or no concern about doing so.

The laws have been written. They just aren't enforced.

Article 11 of the Pakistan Constitution states, “No child below the age of fourteen years should be engaged in any factory or mine or any other hazardous employment.”⁴¹

Nonetheless, the Dawn report⁴² revealed that around 1.5 million children were engaged in labour work across a single province. The laws have been written. They just aren’t enforced.

In June 2017, the International Labour Rights Union reported that not only is leading chocolate company Godiva not fully onboard with actively reducing the use of child labour, but it is “lagging furthest behind in their commitments and urgently needs an added push to improve.”⁴³

In yet another incident, Human Rights Watch reported in 2016 that by the order of local officials in Uzbekistan, classes were cancelled and children as young as 10 years old were removed from school and sent to pick cotton.⁴⁴

As these examples illustrate, economic results were considered more important than the morality of employing child labour.

In Pakistan, economic results are considered more important than the morality of employing child labourers. The laws have been written that no child below the age of 14 should endure work in a hazardous environment. Sadly, these laws aren’t enforced, and many children suffer because of it. © ILO

Obstacle 3: Limited Resources

Sometimes what looks like intransigence is simply a lack of resources.

Laws, regulations, mandates, goals, and agendas require resources to implement, monitor and enforce.

According to the Viet Nam News, “Vietnam was the first country in Asia and second country in the world to ratify the United Nations’ International Convention on the Rights of the Child.”⁴⁵ Yet an estimated 1.75 million children are working in the nation. The labour inspectorate there is noted as “chronically underfunded and understaffed,” and if penalties are imposed, they often “amount to no more than a slap on the wrist.”⁴⁶

Tulane University professor William Bertrand has studied lofty aspirations, including federal and international mandates, and found that some—if not many—are “totally unachievable.”⁴⁷ But it sure looks good on paper—especially to constituents.

From a corporate perspective, even if a company or entire industry budgets substantial financial outlays to prevent child exploitation as evidence of their “commitment”, that often does not reflect progress on the ground. One insider observed, “They talk a lot about the money spent on various activities related to child labour, but when we did the calculations, a fair proportion of that money was spent on sitting around and talking about it in London and Geneva.”⁴⁸

Funds spent on pontification in luxurious facilities have no effect on the places where they are most needed.

Included in the “most needed” is the ability to enforce laws where they exist.

Valiant Richey of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, told Reuters, “We can’t prosecute [cases of labour exploitation] fast enough. … The scope of the problem exceeds our ability to respond to it as law enforcement.”⁴⁹

A 2018 study by the Kyrgyzstan Federation of Trade Unions (KFTU) found that implementing and enforcing are inconsistent at best. Although it had been 10 years since the country ratified the International Labour Organization convention for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour, more than 250,000 children were still subjected to hazardous work. The KFTU said the lack of ability to enforce the child labour laws is the greatest single obstacle to the elimination of child labour in the country.⁵⁰

Obstacle 4: Pushback

Unfortunately, this problem of pushback is as apparent in the United States as it is anywhere else in the world. In 2011, the Department of Labour (DOL) attempted to update the list of agricultural jobs dangerous for children under the Fair Labour Standards Act, but it was stymied by resistance from farm lobbying groups, including the American Farm Bureau.

The lobbying association reminded the DOL that “Farm Bureau advocates for the interests of farmers.” The powerful group is composed of farmers and related parties. Those delegates and their representatives seek to protect the farming industry, not to ban the employment of children on tobacco, cotton, or other farms. Farm lobbying groups say that restricting child workers in the agricultural industry threatens the fabric of American farms. Their position is that farms are generally family-run businesses. Evidence, however, suggests that child labour is more of a problem on large, industrially-operated endeavors.⁵¹

This 17-year-old young woman began working on a tobacco farm in America when she was just 13 years old. She shared, “None of my bosses or contractors or crew leaders have ever told us anything about pesticides and how we can protect ourselves from them...When I worked with my mom, she would take care of me, and she would like always make sure I was okay... Our bosses don’t give us anything except for our cheques. That’s it.”
© 2015 Benedict Evans for Human Rights Watch

Once again, there is a subtle undertone in pushback that child labour helps the families of these children to have food, clothing, and shelter that would not be available otherwise.⁵³

When we understand that this is the nature of the beast in the United States, it should increase our awareness of the severity of pushback faced in developing countries.

There is a subtle undertone in pushback that child labour helps the families of children to have food, clothing, and shelter that would not be available otherwise.

Consider the case of Alternative Turkmenistan News (ATN) reporter Gaspar Matalaev. He is an investigative reporter working undercover to expose the state-run nature of forced and child labour during cotton harvests in Turkmenistan. Matalaev was arrested in 2016, two days after he published a report on the newspaper’s website about the state-orchestrated forced labour of children.

Refusal to contribute to the cotton harvest is considered insubordination, incitement to sabotage and contempt of the Turkmenistan homeland. Reporting on it is even worse.

Matalaev was tortured with electric shocks until he reportedly confessed to filing a fraudulent report.⁵⁴ He remains imprisoned in a labour camp and is suffering from ill health as a result of the poor conditions.⁵⁵

There is pushback against attempts to eradicate child labour from the children and their families to the executive boardrooms, to the halls of humanitarian aid institutions, and to the highest national political offices.

This mother is hugging her 7-year-old daughter Daoussiya tightly with a smile full of joy. This is the first time she has seen Daoussiya in four months. The young girl left home with her father to beg in Algeria as a means of living, against the mother’s will. She was caught by police during a migrant round up and was re-united with her mother in Niger. © UNICEF / Gilbertson

New Developments to End Child Labour

Supply Chain Enforcement

If this special report accomplishes nothing else, even though it is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg, it should make readers aware that every effort to eradicate child labour has failed. That is substantially the reason for the title being “Child Labour: Not Gone but Forgotten.”

Despite consistent failures, new proposals continue to be set forth. The two most recent propose supply chain management solutions.

A number of countries that are major importers, including the United States, have launched campaigns that place the onus on prohibiting the importation of products that have been produced using child labour and all forms of forced labour or debt bondage. The U.S. program is operated under the auspices of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Forced Labour Program.⁵⁶

The results of the program thus far indicate that in FY 2017, ICE:

• Spent $12,682,597 USD investigating cases of international forced child labour.
• Spent $16,660,000 USD investigating cases of domestic forced child labour.
• Made 150 domestic and 66 international arrests related to forced child labour.
• Obtained 120 domestic and two international indictments related to forced child labour.
• Obtained 73 domestic and no international convictions related to forced child labour.
• Seized a total of $626,327 USD in assets from domestic and international investigations on forced child labour.

You do the math. Is there any better way to spend nearly $30 million USD to aid the cause of child labour?

Blockchain Enforcement

In an effort to combat forced labour, major corporations, including IBM, Ford and Coca Cola, are advocating the use of the current poster child of rapidly evolving technology: blockchain. It is a potentially effective means of ensuring that the products they market do not include child labour or any kind of forced labour from the beginning to the end of the entire supply chain process.

Blockchain proposes to be a secure and accurate digital ledger for recording assets, how and where they were obtained, and by whom.

Theoretically, companies would refuse to purchase from suppliers at any point in the supply chain who use child labour. All assets, locations and employees would be required to be “tagged” so they could be identified as a legitimate part of the supply chain. Miners like Lukasa and indentured fishermen like James Kofi Annan would not be able to work because they would not be registered in the blockchain.

Products sourced from conflict zones or that were created using child labour would not be able to enter the global market.⁵⁷

Exhausted and broken, these children carry the weight of the world on their shoulders. Already, more than 152 million children worldwide have exchanged their futures for only a few dollars, and more join them every day. Enslaved in forced labour with no hope of a better future is no way for a child to live. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO / © ILO/Joseph Fortin

What Can We Do About Child Labour?

The answer to that question will depend upon who answers it. Well-meaning individuals from the philosophical to the practical will take positions on both sides of the argument of whether or not the practice of child labour can be eradicated. Even the philosophical and the practical will be divided in their opinions.

One thing we do know is that nothing has succeeded thus far. That does not bode well for future success.

But this report does not propose the eradication of child labour. Rather, it is intended to draw readers’ attention to its continuing existence. The issue of child labour is a Gordian Knot, the size of which cannot be cut even with the sword of Alexander the Great.

“...Inasmuch as you did it to one of the least of these My brethren, you did it to Me..” —Matthew 25:40

The problem of child labour is inexorably linked to the poverty that enslaves nearly half the world’s entire population.⁵⁸ We must take God at His Word; Jesus reminded His disciples that there will always be people living in poverty (see John 12:8). When Jesus referred to the poor, He used a word that specifically describes people who are destitute, helpless and powerless.

Three billion people in the world live on less than the equivalent of $2.50 USD per day.⁵⁹ More than 84 percent of those living in Sub-Saharan Africa live on less than $5.50 USD per day.⁶⁰

While various and sundry organizations and institutions attempt to solve the child labour problem, the church’s task remains what it has always been: Be the hands and feet of Jesus to “the least of these” (see Matthew 25:40).

The Lord never called us to eradicate either child labour or poverty. He will do that someday when He returns to earth to rule and reign. In the meantime, we are called to serve.

Ours is not a race to eradicate child labour. It is a journey to provide and care for those who are relegated to the lowest positions in life. Relentlessly ministering to the needs of “the least of these” is visible evidence of the love and grace of God in action.

These GFA-supported Child Sponsorship Program students are getting ready to begin class after breaking for lunch. As children’s lives are transformed in the Child Sponsorship Program, they bring new aspirations and knowledge home with them, and their families benefit as a result. Even beyond this, GFA’s Child Sponsorship Program does much to uplift the communities it serves.

God’s Grace in Action at GFA World

For 40 years, the singular focus of GFA World has been “to take the love of Christ to people who have never heard His name before.”⁶¹

We must understand that Jesus looked upon people with such compassion that He made the lame to walk again and caused the blind to see. He didn’t just tell them that He loved them; He demonstrated His love in ways that changed their lives.

Representing Christ on earth requires that we demonstrate the same love and compassion that He did while He was here.

We are, from a heavenly perspective, blessed to be able to feed the hungry, tend to the sick and give a cup of cold water to the thirsty in Jesus’ name. These are people who know they have great needs. The Lord has granted us the high honor to love them and to serve them as His representatives. As He came to us as the “express image” of God the Father, so should we reach out to others in the express image of Jesus Christ (see Hebrews 1:3).

Poverty Alleviation

Poverty, as we have shown, is at the root of the child labour problem. Regardless of any other peripheral factors, poverty is always the driving force behind either willing or forced child labour. Therefore, much of GFA World’s work among the people of South Asia is related to rescuing families from the clutches of poverty.

Literacy and Vocational Education

The inability to read and write is a major hindrance that, unless addressed, becomes a generational curse. Illiterate people lack essential tools needed to rise above a subsistence-level existence. Furthermore, illiteracy leaves people in a position where others can easily take advantage of their situation, including entrapping them and their children in bonded labour.

GFA World’s field partners host literacy classes and vocational training classes for adults and youth, equipping them with skills that can break them out of the cycle of poverty. GFA-supported workers guide class members through an understanding of basic entrepreneurial skills to empower them to create a better future for themselves. In addition, gifts such as sewing machines⁶² , fishing nets⁶³ and rickshaws⁶⁴ are just a few of the income-generating resources distributed among families who are in dire need of an income.

Farm Animals

GFA sponsors around the world give generously to provide farm animals for families in rural Asian villages. Chickens, goats, and cattle produce products like eggs, milk and meat, which can be sold for a good price or used to feed the family. Breeding the animals also allows the owners to expand their businesses, continually increasing their incomes to better serve their families.

Jesus Wells

Clean water is taken for granted by Westerners. However, in Africa and South Asia, women and children spend hours fetching water⁶⁵ —not from a faucet, but from a ground source several hours away. In some cases, they must make the journey multiple times each day in order to meet their family’s needs.

By installing and maintaining Jesus Wells within poverty-stricken villages and communities, GFA provides a source of free clean water that can supply as many as 300 people with clean water for up to 20 years.

Not only do these people now have clean water, but it is also readily accessible. The women who fetched the water gain up to six hours a day that can now be used to obtain literacy and vocational training or to tend to their homes and children.

Child Sponsorship Program Centers

Children who formerly had to fetch water are now able to attend school, thereby avoiding the illiteracy and vocational poverty their parents and grandparents had suffered.⁶⁶

Enrollment in GFA-supported Child Sponsorship Program centers is offered freely to children whose parents commit to keeping their children in school. The Child Sponsorship Program is a continuation of the school day, in which the children received enhanced and advanced training.

GFA’s Child Sponsorship Program provides backpacks and school supplies, relieving students’ parents of the pressure of those expenses. Children also receive a nutritious meal each day and free health checkups. As they experience holistic growth through the program, students gain a vision for a life away from the cheap labour in brick kilns and factories—and they are equipped to fulfill that vision.

God’s Grace in Action Through You

None of GFA World’s efforts to free families from poverty and their children from child labour would be possible without people like you. The prayers and financial support of GFA friends drill wells; open Child Sponsorship Program centers; pay for literacy classes, vocational training and farm animals; and equip all of the ministries of national missionaries who are sharing Christ’s love through practical ways that change lives both now and for eternity.

We may never end child labour, but we must never forget it or those working to combat it—and we must remain relentless in being the only Jesus some will ever see.

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How Your Donations Are Applied

We value your donation and are committed to good stewardship of the funds entrusted to us by our friends and donors. All gift options represent GFA’s actual ministry efforts to meet the diverse needs of individuals and communities. Regardless of particular preferences, monies are raised for ministry purposes, and GFA retains discretion to use donated funds in any manner that serves GFA’s charitable objectives.

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Appendix - List of items, by country, produced using child labour (list provided by the U.S. Department of Labour).⁶⁷

Country	Child Labour
Afghanistan	Carpets, Coal, Poppies, Salt
Argentina	Blueberries, Bricks, Cotton, Garlic, Grapes, Olives, Strawberries, Tobacco, Tomatoes, Yerba Mate (stimulant plant)
Azerbaijan	Cotton
Bangladesh	Bidis (hand-rolled cigarettes), Bricks, Footwear, Furniture (steel), Garments, Glass, Leather, Matches, Poultry, Salt, Shrimp, Soap, Textiles, Textiles (jute)
Belize	Bananas, Citrus Fruits, Sugarcane
Benin	Granite (crushed)
Bolivia	Bricks, Gold, Silver, Tin, Zinc
Brazil	Bananas, Beef, Bricks, Cashews, Ceramics, Cocoa, Coffee, Corn, Cotton, Fish, Footwear, Hogs, Manioc/Cassava, Pineapples, Poultry, Rice, Sheep, Sisal, Tobacco
Burkina Faso	Granite
Burma	Garments
Cambodia	Alcoholic Beverages, Bricks, Fish, Manioc/Cassava, Meat, Rubber, Salt, Shrimp, Sugarcane, Textiles, Timber, Tobacco
Cameroon	Cocoa
Central African Republic	Diamonds
Chad	Cattle
China	Textiles
Colombia	Bricks (clay), Coal, Coffee, Emeralds, Gold, Pornography, Sugarcane
Costa Rica	Cattle, Coffee
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Cobalt Ore, Copper, Diamonds
Dominican Republic	Baked Goods, Coffee, Rice, Tomatoes
Ecuador	Bananas, Bricks, Flowers, Gold
Egypt	Bricks, Cotton, Stones (limestone)
El Salvador	Baked Goods, Cattle, Cereal Grains, Coffee, Fireworks, Shellfish, Sugarcane
Eswatini	Bovines
Ethiopia	Cattle, Gold
Ghana	Cocoa, Gold
Guatemala	Broccoli, Coffee, Corn, Fireworks, Gravel (crushed stones), Sugarcane
Guinea	Cashews, Cocoa, Coffee, Diamonds, Gold
Honduras	Coffee, Lobsters, Melons
India	Bidis (hand-rolled cigarettes), Brassware, Cotton, Fireworks, Footwear, Gems, Glass Bangles, Incense (agarbatti), Leather Goods/Accessories, Locks, Matches, Mica, Silk Fabric, Silk Thread, Soccer Balls, Sugarcane, Thread/Yarn
Indonesia	Footwear (sandals), Gold, Oil (palm), Rubber, Tin, Tobacco
Iran	Bricks, Carpets
Kenya	Coffee, Fish, Miraa (stimulant plant), Rice, Sand, Sisal, Sugarcane, Tea, Tobacco
Kyrgyz Republic	Cotton, Tobacco
Lebanon	Potatoes, Tobacco
Lesotho	Cattle
Liberia	Diamonds, Rubber
Madagascar	Sapphires, Stones, Vanilla
Malawi	Tea
Mali	Cotton, Gold
Mauritania	Cattle, Goats
Mexico	Beans (green), Coffee, Cucumbers, Eggplants, Melons, Onions, Poppies, Pornography, Sugarcane, Tobacco
Mongolia	Coal, Fluorspar (mineral), Gold
Mozambique	Tobacco
Namibia	Cattle
Nicaragua	Bananas, Coffee, Gold, Gravel (crushed stones), Shellfish, Stones (pumice), Tobacco
Niger	Gold, Gypsum (mineral), Salt, Trona (mineral)
Nigeria	Gold, Manioc/Cassava, Sand
Pakistan	Glass Bangles, Leather, Surgical Instruments
Panama	Coffee, Melons
Paraguay	Beans, Bricks, Cabbages, Carrots, Corn, Fish, Goats, Hogs, Lettuce, Manioc/Cassava, Melons, Onions, Peanuts, Peppers, Pornography, Poultry, Sesame, Sheep, Stones (limestone), Sugarcane, Sweet Potatoes, Tomatoes, Yerba Mate (stimulant plant)
Peru	Bricks, Coca (stimulant plant), Fireworks, Fish
Philippines	Bananas, Coconuts, Corn, Fashion Accessories, Fish, Gold, Hogs, Pornography, Pyrotechnics, Rice, Rubber, Sugarcane, Tobacco
Rwanda	Tea
Senegal	Gold
Sierra Leone	Cocoa, Coffee, Granite, Oil (palm)
Sudan	Gold
Suriname	Gold
Tanzania	Cloves, Coffee, Gold, Nile Perch (fish), Sisal, Tanzanite (gems), Tea, Tobacco
Thailand	Pornography, Sugarcane
Turkey	Citrus Fruits, Cotton, Cumin, Footwear, Furniture, Garments, Hazelnuts, Peanuts, Pulses (legumes), Sugar Beets
Uganda	Bricks, Cattle, Charcoal, Coffee, Fish, Gold, Rice, Sand, Stones, Sugarcane, Tea, Tobacco, Vanilla
Ukraine	Amber, Coal, Pornography
Vietnam	Bricks, Cashews, Coffee, Fish, Footwear, Furniture, Leather, Pepper, Rice, Rubber, Sugarcane, Tea, Textiles, Timber, Tobacco
Yemen	Fish
Zambia	Cattle, Cotton, Gems, Stones, Tobacco